![]() The natural dietary sources of vitamin D2 are limited to only a few kinds of fungi, and vitamin D3 is naturally obtained only from some oily fish, cod liver oil, animal organs, egg yolks and mushrooms which are not part of the common daily food intake. Humans get vitamin D from 2 natural sources, dietary vitamin D intake and cutaneous vitamin D synthesis from sunlight ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure at wavelengths of 290–315 nm. Vitamin D is an essential fat-soluble vitamin that has important roles in maintaining bone health and regulating calcium and phosphate homeostasis in blood circulation 1, 2. As the dietary sources of vitamin D are limited and cutaneous vitamin D synthesis is limited by avoidance of sunlight exposure, vitamin D fortification in common daily foods would be an alternative option to reach the recommended vitamin D intake generally of at least 800 IU/day. The prevalence of VDI in non-pregnant women was high at 34%. ![]() Logistic regression analysis found that the significant risk factors for VDI were greater body mass index and higher family income (p-values 0.01 and 0.02, respectively). The average dietary intake of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D and the average duration of sunlight exposure per week were not significantly different between the VDI women and the vitamin D sufficient (VDS) women. The average serum 25OHD level was 23.1 ± 6.0 ng/mL. VDI was classified as serum 25OHD < 20 ng/mL. ![]() Demographic and lifestyle data relevant to vitamin D assessment (sunlight exposure, nutritional intake, type of dress, sunscreen use) and biochemical studies (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D or 25OHD, parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphate) were obtained. To examine the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (VDI) in healthy non-pregnant women of reproductive age in Southern Thailand, 120 healthy non-pregnant women aged 18–42 years were enrolled. Although there are various studies of vitamin D status in pregnant women in Southeast Asia, to date there are few studies from Southeast Asia examining vitamin D status in non-pregnant women of reproductive age. Vitamin D inadequacy is a global problem in all age groups.
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